Answer the following problems. 1.5. Consider a 32-bit

Answer the following problems.
1.5. Consider a 32-bit microprocessor with a 16-bit external data bus driven by an input clock. Assume that this microprocessor has a bus cycle whose minimum duration equals four input clock cycles. What is the maximum data transfer rate the bus that this microprocessor can sustain in bytes/s? To increase its performance would it be better to make its external data bus 32 bits or to double the external clock frequency supplied to the microprocessor? State any other assumptions you explain. Hint: Determine the number of bytes that can be transferred per bus cycle.
1.7. In virtually all systems that include DMA modules DMA access to main memory is given higher priority than processor access to main memory. Why?
1.8. A DMA module is transferring characters to main memory from an external device transmitting at 9600 bits per second (bps). The processor can fetch instructions at rate of 1 million instructions per second. By how much will the processor be slowed down due to the DMA activity?
2.2 An I/O-bound program is one that if run alone would spend more time waiting for I/O than using the processor. A processor-bound program is the opposite. Suppose a short-term scheduling algorithm favors those programs that have used little processor time in the recent past. Explain why this algorithm favors I/O-bound programs and yet does not permanently deny processor time to processor-bound programs.
2.3 Contrast the scheduling policies you might use when trying to optimize a time sharing system with those you would use to optimize a multiprogrammed batch system.
2.4 What is the purpose of system calls and how do system calls relate to the OS and to the concept of dual-mode (kernel-mode and user-mode) operation?
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