Lying and deception can have serious consequences in lawenforcement and courtroo

Lying and deception can have serious consequences in lawenforcement and courtroom proceedings. Thus forensic psychologistshave devoted much effort to developing methods and techniques fordetecting lies. Unfortunately research indicates that the majorityof people including those working in law enforcement do not reachabove chance levels in detecting deception when using intuitionalone. For example Ekman & OSullivan (1991) showed in twostudies of law enforcement officials that many fail to reach abovechance levels. On the other hand other studies show that some liecatchers such as psychological experts or the secret service canperform with above chance accuracy in detecting deception (EkmanOSullivan & Frank 1999). In light of the difficulty inaccurately determining deception psychological research hasfocused on examining which cues used to judge deception are mostaccurate and on the development of more objective psychophysiological measures of deception