You could say that it basically says the Real numbers have no gaps.
The states that if ##f(x)## is a Real valued function that is continuous on an interval ##[a b]## and ##y## is a value between ##f(a)## and ##f(b)## then there is some ##x in [ab]## such that ##f(x) = y##.
In particular Bolzano’s theorem says that if ##f(x)## is a Real valued function which is continuous on the interval ##[a b]## and ##f(a)## and ##f(b)## are of different signs then there is some ##x in [ab]## such that ##f(x) = 0##.
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Consider the function ##f(x) = x^2-2## and the interval ##[0 2]##.
This is a Real valued function which is continuous on the interval (in fact continuous everywhere).
We find that ##f(0) = -2## and ##f(2) = 2## so by the intermediate value theorem (or the more specific Bolzano’s Theorem) there is some value of ##x in [0 2]## such that ##f(x) = 0##.
This value of ##x## is ##sqrt(2)##.
So if we were considering ##f(x)## as a rational valued function of rational numbers then the intermediate value theorem would not hold since ##sqrt(2)## is not rational so is not in the rational interval ##[0 2] nn QQ##. To put it another way the rational numbers ##QQ## have a gap at ##sqrt(2)##.
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The big thing is that the intermediate value theorem holds for any continuous Real valued function. That is there are no gaps in the Real numbers.